“That which is dependent origination
Is explained to be emptiness. . .
…There does not exist anything
That is not dependently arisen.
Therefore there does not exist anything
That is not empty.” (31)
In his chapter, “Nagarjuna’s Mulamadhyamakakarika,” Jay Garfield explores the most famous work of the eponymous second century Buddhist philosopher. In the service of this effort, Garfield engages Nagarjuna’s assertion that “all phenomena are empty of essence, but exist conventionally, interdependently, and impermanently.” (26) Garfield walks his reader through the building blocks of Nagarjuna’s theory, including extensive consideration of the author’s understanding and construction of essencelessness. In this paper, I wish to explore the idea of essencelessness and the trouble I have had understanding it, paying particular attention to the relationship between essencelessness and existence as understood by Nagarjuna and presented by Garfield.
While, as Garfield notes, interdependence is at the heart of Buddhist ontological theory (26), Nagarjuna’s clear postulation regarding how this interdependence functions is central to his assertion of the truth of essencelessness. The Mahayana tradition, of which Nagarjuna was a part, holds that “all phenomena are dependent for their existence on complex networks of causes and conditions,” (26) “All wholes are dependent on their parts, and parts on the wholes they help to make up.” (26), and that “all phenomena are dependent for their identities on conceptual imputation.”(27) Thus, as existence is understood as something that can only arise in relation (not from a fixed interior attribute or essence), cannot be cleaved into non-dependent or isolated component parts, and is only legible as having distinct differentiation through assigned meanings/categorizations, nothing can have an essence that is truly its own.
The largest stumbling block to my understanding of essencelessness has been my inability not to conflate it (or emptiness) with nonexistence. To my mind, the idea of “intrinsic essence” has functioned as a kind of proof of existence itself, the very heart of each subject or object that works to announce its presence in the order of things. Key to my growing comprehension of Nagarjuna’s theory is developing an understanding that, in Garfield’s words “to be empty of essence is not to be empty of existence. Instead, to exist is to be empty.” (27) While it took me far longer than I care to admit to make sense of this simple statement, once it began to do so, Nagarjuna’s theory became somewhat accessible to my mind.
Many more obstacles to understanding lie between me and a working comprehension of Nagarjuna, but essencelessness as a necessity of truly interdependent existence is no longer one of them. Truthfully, I find a strange comfort in the thought that essencelessness is not at all a negation of what animates existance, but rather proof of its irreducibility and ubiquity.
“Here we say that you do not understand
Emptiness, or the purpose of emptiness,
Or the meaning of emptiness.
As a consequence you are harmed by it.”
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Admissions obstacle 2014
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Editor NoteIt seems that congrats are in order! You been said to UC Berkeley, And that something to ceremonialize. But we at the Daily Clog also know that now you got a big decision to make and we want to help you make it. of course, You can be expected
When our graduation counselors told us to take every AP we could (Because it would help us in education), some might have left out a few details. in accordance with what college and major you’re in, AP tests can be fruitful or pointless. There’s just so much forms over APCongratulations to all you newly admitted UC Berkeley students! You just been accepted to the finest public association on Earth. There is a lot give some thought to over the next few months, From what classes you want to capture to which meal plan to sign up for and, nevertheless,these days, You probably formed some expectations of what you would gain from college or have decided to come into college with no expectations at all. regardless, You will learn things in your freshman year which you may or might not have expected to learn. We at the ClogAs a probable UC Berkeley freshman, There are only so many places you can visit in a day to get a taste of the Berkeley experience. Although current high school seniors will no doubt be visiting multiple schools to pick which is their perfect fit, We’re convinced that no otherThe Clog wants you to be as prepared as practical for coming to UC Berkeley. So we asked by ouselves what we wish we knew coming in freshman year. From the minuscule knowledge that everybody loses his or her ID card to the real possibility that your floormates won be yourYou almost there. The recognition letters are rolling in, And your last days of high school are around the corner. But despite your enthusiasm, when you find yourself feeling a little apprehensive. honeymoon, All you know is college. precisely what is college even like? What if it just like aYou’re probably used to people’s words when you mention the word “Berkeley, They range from the impressed (“awesome, You want to visit to Cal? it’s essential to be smart”) on the way to judgmental (“ohio, Are you super open-handed,). If ultimate school is UC Berkeley, These asiame scam sentiments may well not faze you. other than.
Venom want to know Way to Win This Psychic Face
Some people will look into the premise of Venom and ask, “so why, Others of us will consider it and ask, “really want to, A sci fi split identity comedy featuring Tom Hardy doing psychic battle with a pissy, Parasitic intergalactic symbiote? There is very little wrong with this idea, Which at least promises a welcome dose of what the fuck fun to a largely not required comic book movie enterprise. If only the makers of Venom believed in their own ideas.
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As for our central figure, Scrappy TV reporter Eddie Brock (Tom hardy), He gets taken over by a similar alien parasite after infiltrating the super secret laboratory of shady san francisco bazillionaire Carlton Drake (Riz Ahmed). early, Eddie finds himself having good arguments with a booming, unhealthy voice in his head, Fighting for domination over his body. “diet, The speak roars, And Eddie jumps into a live lobster tank. Enrage the beast within a, And Eddie at once starts shooting jet black bolts of powerful space gunk out of his body. This alien having, Which helpfully calls alone Venom, is a pretty terrifying creation: A quite a few fanged, Slobbery, Snake tongued monster that loves to eat visitors’ heads. Sometimes Eddie develops into Venom, And periods Venom slithers out of Eddie’s chest and yells at him.
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That’s definitely funny stuff. I wish ended up more of it. But the film feels like its makers either discovered its humorous potential the inherent ridiculousness of this concept belatedly or that they blinked and pulled the brakes on the comedy before things got too out of hand. A nighttime motorcycle chase through the streets of silicon valley should be a terrific chance for the movie to strut its stuff, With so many possibilities opportunities for slapstick and visual inventiveness; Our good guy is, life time memories, A guy whose body locations out indestructible, Warp speed geysers of slick black fabulous goo. But the chase is exceptionally unimaginative and forgettable. (As if in order to insult to injury, There’s an end credits teaser for the forthcoming animated film Spider Man: inside Spider Verse, Involving a subway chase that displays the kind of visual humor and dash that Venom should have been rolling in.) The less said regarding the incoherent climactic face off, Between Venom and a more robust symbiote named Riot, more suitable.
The wasted opportunities are everywhere. that is a shame, Because comedy isn’t anathema to the super hero movie. The Deadpool shows, Whatever their faults, have already proven that conceptual humor can be lucrative, And the Marvel Cinematic Universe was built on the supremacy of the easy going wisecrack. Venom could have brought a certain amount of sitcom silliness to a grimmer, Grittier thing about this world. But over time, What has been a bold and bracing new thing winds up being more of the same.
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First of all, I think that this sentence of yours is really effective: “To my mind, the idea of ‘intrinsic essence’ has functioned as a kind of proof of existence itself, the very heart of each subject or object that works to announce its presence in the order of things.”
Maybe this is obvious, but to me what you are saying here–and the fact that preceding this sentence you were talking about conflating emptiness with nonexistence–makes me think of Descartes. Probably those of us with a (very) rudimentary Western philosophical background have had some Descartes drilled into us, or at least have been convinced of the “I think, therefore I am” statement. (Disclaimer: I don’t study philosophy, I know nothing else about Descartes.) This uses some idea of essence, or “I” to combat total nonexistence, or what I guess would be nihilism. I always assumed that the idea here was that since all we have to go on is our own mind and our own thoughts, we have to assume a self in order to then assume anything else into existence. But this obviously fails to work in a Buddhist context; self-grasping and clinging to the idea of an “I” is the root of all kinds of problems and failures of understanding, not to mention a serious obstruction to the path.
I guess maybe the difference is that in a “Western” (or Descartes-influenced?) philosophical tradition, all of existence tends to be extrapolated from the “I”, whereas in a Buddhist (or at least Madhyamaka) context, no-self and lack of essence is extrapolated from all of existence because we can observe dependent origination.
Does anyone know real things about philosophy? Can you help me out here?