Timeline Works Cited

Columbia

Coutausse, Jean-Claude. (1998) Children in Palenque de San Basilio in July 1998 [Photograph]. Retrieved 3 December 2015, from:http://www.coutausse.com/feature-stories/colombia-1998/colombia-13/

Shepherd, William R. 1871-1934. The Hispanic Nations of the New World: a Chronicle of Our Southern Neighbors. Textbook edition. New Haven: Yale University Press; [etc., etc.], 1921.

Muhammad, Shahida. “Colombia While Black: Double-Consciousness Abroad.” Colombia While Black: Double-Consciousness Abroad. EBONY, 31 Mar. 2015. Web. 22 Nov. 2015.

Acuña, Philip. “Plastic Surgery Tourism in Colombia: An Increasing Trend.” Plastic Surgery Tourism in Colombia: An Increasing Trend. Colombia Reports, 29 May 2014. Web. 22 Nov. 2015.

Rogers, Julie. “Plastic Surgery Tourists Flock to Colombia.” Plastic Surgery Tourists Flock to Colombia. Mother Jones, n.d. Web. 22 Nov. 2015.

Hiraki, Ryan. “The Rise of Plastic Surgery among Colombia’s Prostitutes.” Colombia, Plastic Surgery and Prostitutes. OZY, 5 Sept. 2015. Web. 22 Nov. 2015.

Spencer, Luke J. “The Palace of the Inquisition.” The Palace of the Inquisition. Atlas Obscura, n.d. Web. 22 Nov. 2015.

Pollock, Donald. “Oxford AASC: Home.” Traditional Healing in Latin America and the Caribbean. Oxford AASC, n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2015.

Hendriksz, Vivian. “Lia Samantha: Using Fashion to Counter Racism in Colombia.” Lia Samantha: Using Fashion to Counter Racism in Colombia. Fashion United, 1 Sept. 2015. Web. 22 Nov. 2015.

“Afro-Colombian Culture Makes Bold Fashion Statement.” Afro-Colombian Culture Makes Bold Fashion Statement. ACDI/VOCA, 29 Dec. 2014. Web. 22 Nov. 2015.

Yagoub, Mimi. “Music and Dance for the Dead: Afro-Colombia Rituals.” Music and Dance for the Dead: Afro-Colombia Rituals. Colombia Reports, 24 Mar. 2014. Web. 22 Nov. 2015.

“Paula Moreno.” Paula Moreno. Yale Word Fellos, n.d. Web. 22 Nov. 2015.

Gómez González, Lina María. “Jose Antonio, Gualajo Torres.” Interpretes | ColArte. Patrimonio Cultural Colombiano, n.d. Web. 22 Nov. 2015.

Portilla Dorado, Olga. “El Nuevo Liberal.” El Maestro ‘Gualajo’, Una Leyenda Viva De Nuestro Folclor. El Nuevo Liberal, n.d. Web. 22 Nov. 2015.

“Benjamin De La Calle : Fotografo. | Banrepcultural.org.” Benjamin De La Calle : Fotografo. | Banrepcultural.org. Actividad Cultural Del Banco De La República, n.d. Web. 18 Nov. 2015.

“Benjamin De La Calle Muñoz.” Fotografos | ColArte. Patrimonio Cultural Colombiano, n.d. Web. 18 Nov. 2015.

Warren, Lynn. Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century Photography. New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 2006. Print.

Alsema, Adriaan. “Afrocolombian Music Legend ‘El Brujo’ Dies at 82.” Afrocolombian Music Legend ‘El Brujo’ Dies at 82. Colombia Reports, 29 June 2009. Web. 18 Nov. 2015.

Castillo, Elvia Duque. Aportes Del Pueblo Afrodescendiente: La Historia Oculta De América Latina. Bloomington, IN: IUniverse, 2013. Print.

Sharkey, Laura. “The Beauty and The Beast.” The Bogota Post. The Bogota Post, 12 Nov. 2014. Web. 20 Nov. 2015.

“Amazing Hairdos at Colombian Afro-hair Contest.” BBC Newsround. BBC, 13 May 2013. Web. 20 Nov. 2015.

“The Hair Styles That Celebrate Freedom: Colombian Women Remember The End of Slavery with Contest to Create the Most Intricate and Colourful Braids.” Ms. Vixen. N.p., 22 May 2015. Web. 20 Nov. 2015.

Romero, Simon. “Dueling Beauty Pageants Put Income Gap on View.” The New York Times. The New York Times, 30 Nov. 2010. Web. 20 Nov. 2015.

“Cumbia | The Rhythm of Colombia.” Cumbia | The Rhythm of Colombia. Discover Colombia!, n.d. Web. 22 Nov. 2015.

Afro-Colombian Factsheet. Fact Sheet. Inter-American Human Rights Commission, 2007. Web. 19 Nov. 2015.

“Amazing Hairdos at Colombian Afro-hair Contest.” BBC Newsround. BBC, 13 May 2013. Web. 13 Nov. 2015.

Williams, Raymond L., and Kevin G. Guerrieri. Culture and Customs of Colombia. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1999. Print.

Bergquist, Charles W. Coffee and Conflict in Colombia: 1886-1910. Durham: Duke UP, 1978. Print.

Lynch, John. “Simon Bolivar and the Spanish Revolutions.” Simon Bolivar and the Spanish Revolutions. History Today, 1 July 1983. Web. 27 Oct. 2015.

Masur, Gerhard Straussman. “Simon Bolivar | Venezuelan Soldier and Statesman.” Encyclopedia Britannica Online | Simon Bolivar. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 28 Oct. 2015.

Helg, Aline. Liberty & Equality in Caribbean Colombia: 1770-1835. Chapel Hill: U North Carolina, 2004. Print.

Dornelly, Tracy. “History of Cartagena, Colombia: Spanish America’s Biggest Slave Port – Atlanta Blackstar.” History of Cartagena, Colombia: Spanish America’s Biggest Slave Port. Atlanta Blackstar, 04 July 2015. Web. 19 Oct. 2015.

“Asiento de Negros”. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2015. Web. 21 Oct. 2015

Friedemann, Nina S. de. La Saga Del Negro : Presencia Africana En Colombia / Nina S. De Friedemann. n.p.: Santa Fe de Bogotá : Instituto de Genética Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, 1993., 1993. Five Colleges Library Catalog. Web. 29 Oct. 2015.

Piedrahita, Javier. “LA LIBERTADORA DOÑA JAVIERA LONDOÑO.” Revista Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana 30.105 (1968):105. Web.

Torres López, Julián Esteban. “Colombia, 1757: Birthplace of America’s Abolition of Slavery.” Colombia, 1757: Birthplace of America’s Abolition of Slavery. Colombia Reports, 26 Aug. 2010. Web. 19 Oct. 2015.

López, Javier Ocampo. Mitos Y Leyendas De Antioquia La Grande. Bogotá, D.C., Colombia: Plaza & Janés, 2001. Print.

“Afro-Colombians.” Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience, Second Edition. Ed. Kwame Anthony Appiah, Henry Louis Gates Jr.New York: Oxford UP, 2008. Oxford African American Studies Center. Thu Oct 29 14:46:00 EDT 2015.http://www.oxfordaasc.com/article/opr/t0002/e0097.

DAVID WHEAT (2011). THE FIRST GREAT WAVES: AFRICAN PROVENANCE ZONES FOR THE TRANSATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE TO CARTAGENA DE INDIAS, 1570–1640. The Journal of African History, 52, pp 1-22 doi:10.1017/S0021853711000119

Haiti

Pons, Frank Moya. The Dominican Republic: a national history. Markus Wiener Publishers,

2010.Print.

Manning, Patrick. “Why Africans?: The Rise of the Atlantic Slave Trade to 1700.” The slavery

reader (2003): 30-41. Moodle Web.

Andrews, George Reid. “1800”. Afro-Latinoamerica 1800-2000 (Spanish Edition). Vol. 2.

Iberoamericana Editorial, 2004. 11-52. Moodle Web.
Nellis, Eric Guest. Shaping the New World: African Slavery in the Americas, 1500-1888. Vol.

3. University of Toronto Press, 2013.Print.
Wucker, Michele. Why the cocks fight: Dominicans, Haitians, and the struggle for Hispaniola.

Macmillan, 2000.Print.

Dayan, Joan. Haiti, history, and the gods. Univ of California Press, 1995.Print.
Renda, Mary A. Taking Haiti: military occupation and the culture of US imperialism,

1915-1940. Univ of North Carolina Press, 2001. Print.
Trouillot, Michel-Rolph. Silencing the past: Power and the production of history. Beacon

Press, 1995.Print.

Dubois, Laurent. Haiti: the aftershocks of history. Macmillan, 2012.Print.

Daniel, Yvonne Payne. “Tourism dance performances authenticity and creativity.” Annals of Tourism Research 23.4 (1996): 780-797.Print.

Wooding, Bridget, and Richard Moseley-Williams. “Needed but unwanted.”Catholic Institute for International Relations, London (2004). Web.

United States

Brooks, Christopher A.. The African American Almanac. 11th Edition. 2011. Print

Camp, Stephanie M. H. “Black Is Beautiful: An American History.” Journal Of Southern History 81.3 (2015): 675-690.

Equal Justice Initiative. “Lynching in America: Confronting the Legacy of Racial Terror.”
Montgomery, Alabama: 2015.

Garza, Alicia. “A Herstory of the #BlackLivesMatter Movement,” December 6, 2014.

Lipsitz, George. “From Plessy to Ferguson,” Cultural Critique 90, Spring 2015, pp. 119-139.

“Lynching Statistics”. “Lynching Statistics”. Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology 9.1 (1918): 144–146.

Morgan, Jennifer L. Chapter 4: “‘Hannah and Her Children’: Reproduction and Creolization Among Enslaved Women.” Laboring Women: Reproduction and Gender in New World Slavery. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005, pp. 69-143

Pope, Ricky J., and Shawn T. Flanigan. “Revolution For Breakfast: Intersections Of Activism,Service, And Violence In The Black Panther Party’s Community Service Programs.” Social Justice Research 26.4 (2013): 445-470.

Rampersad, Arnold. 1997. “Introduction.” in The New Negro: Voices of the Harlem Renaissance, edited by Alain Locke. New York, New York: Touchstone.

Roberts, Dorothy. “Introduction”, Chapter 1: “Reproduction in Bondage,” and Chapter 5: “The Welfare Debate,” Killing the Black Body: Race, Reproduction, and the Meaning of Liberty. New York: Vintage, 1998, pp. 3-55, 202-245.

Trinidad and Tobago

Dudley, Shannon. Carnival Music In Trinidad : Experiencing Music, Expressing Culture.: New York : Oxford University Press, 2004., 2004. Five Colleges Library Catalog.

Khan, Aisha. Callaloo Nation : Metaphors Of Race And Religious Identity Among South Asians In Trinidad.: Durham : Duke University Press, 2004., 2004. Five Colleges Library Catalog.

Luke, Learie B. Identity And Secession In The Caribbean : Tobago Versus Trinidad, 1889-1980. Kingston, Jamaica: University of the West Indies Press, 2007., 2007. Five Colleges Library Catalog.

Mohammed, Patricia. “The ‘Creolization’ of Indian Women in Trinidad.’ Trinidad & Tobago: The Independence Experience 1962-1987. Ed. Selwyn Ryan and Gloria Gordon. St. Augustine, Trinidad : Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of the West Indies, 1988. 381-397. Print

Reddock, Rhoda. “‘Split Me in Two:’ Gender, Identity, and ‘Race Mixing’ in the Trinidad and Tobago Nation.” Global Race Mixing. Ed. Rebecca King-O’Rain et.al. New York : New York University Press, 2014. 44-67. Print

Robinson, A. N. R. The Mechanics Of Independence: Patterns Of Political And Economic Transformation In Trinidad And Tobago.: Barbados : University of the West Indies Press, 2001., 2001. Five Colleges Library Catalog.

Rohlehr, Gordon. Calypso & Society In Pre-Independence Trinidad: Port of Spain, Trinidad : G. Rohlehr, 1990., 1990. Five Colleges Library Catalog.

“Trinidad and Tobago.” Infoplease. (n.d.). Web. 29 October 2015 from http://www.infoplease.com/country/trinidad-and-tobago.html

Martinique

Cocuzza, Dominique. “The Dress of Free Women of Color in New Orleans, 1780-1840.” Dress 27, (2000): 78-87.

Cyrille, Dominique. “Imagining an Afro-Creole Nation: Eugène Mona’s Music in Martinique of the 1980s.” Latin American Music Review / Revista de Música Latinoamericana 2006: 148. Print.

Guilbault, Jocelyne. Zouk : World Music In The West Indies. n.p.: Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1993., 1993. Five Colleges Library Catalog. Web. 19 Nov. 2015.

Haddour, Azzedine. “Sartre and Fanon: On Negritude and Political Participation.” Sartre Studies International 2005: 286. JSTOR Journals. Web. 30 Nov. 2015.

Laferl, Christopher F. “Record It, And Let It Be Known” : Song Lyrics, Gender And Ethnicity In Brazil, Cuba, Martinique, And Trinidad And Tobago From 1920 To 1960. n.p.: Wien : LIT, c2005., 2005. Five Colleges Library Catalog. Web. 19 Nov. 2015.

Maddox, Camee. “‘Yes We Can! Down With Colonization!’ Race, Gender, And The 2009 General Strike In Martinique.” Transforming Anthropology 23.2 (2015): 90. Publisher Provided Full Text Searching File. Web. 29 Oct. 2015.

Murray, David. “RE-MAPPING CARNIVAL: Gender, Sexuality and Power in a Martinican Festival.” Social Analysis: The International Journal of Social and Cultural Practice 44.1 (2000): 103–112. Print.

Révauger, Jean-Paul. “The Influence of Culture and of Institutional Factors in Social Policy: French Social Policy in Martinique.” Social Policy and Society 1.04 (2002): 285–292. Cambridge Journals Online. Web.

Schloss, Rebecca Hartkopf. Sweet Liberty: The Final Days of Slavery in Martinique. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania, 2009. Print.

Peru

Restall, Matthew. “Black Conquistadors: Armed Africans in Early Spanish America,” Pennsylvania State University, Academy of American. 57:2, October 2000, 171-205.

Lockhart, James. Spanish Peru, 1532-1560. Madison, Wisconsin: The Board of Regents of the University of Wisconson, 1968. Print.

Martinez Companon y Bujanda, Trujillo de Peru (Madrid: Ediciones Cultura Hispanica, 1978-1994; facsimile reproduction of manuscripts in the Biblioteca del Palacio Real de Madrid), vol. 2, plate E112

“18th Century Earthquakes: Records about Historical Earthquakes in Peru.” Lima Easy, The Lima Guide. 2015. Web. 26 October. 2015.

Tamara Walker. Slavery, Honour and Dress in Eighteenth-Century Lima, Peru. Slavery & Abolition: A Journal of Slave and Post-Slave Studies 30.3 (2009): 383-402. Web.

Clark Hine, Darlene, and Jacqueline McLeod. “Crossing Boundaries: Comparative History of Black People in Diaspora,” Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1999. Print.

Blanchard, Peter. “Slavery and Abolition in Early Republican Peru,” Wilmington, Delaware: Ingram Book Inc., 1992. Print.

“La Independencia del Perú.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 2 November 2015.

“Ramon Castilla.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 05 Dec. 2015.

Blanchard, Peter. “Slavery and Abolition in Early Republican Peru,” Wilmington, Delaware: Ingram Book Inc., 1992. Print.

California Peru Live. “Peru – Lando,”Las Lavanderas” Diaspora Negra 14 2009.” Online video clip. Youtube. Youtube, 26 September 2009. Web. 01 Dec. 2015.

Feldman, Heidi Carolyn. “Black Rhythms of Peru: Reviving African Musical Heritage in the Black Pacific,” Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press, 2006. Print.

“Amenazas en Perú por ‘El Negro Mama.'” BBC Mundo. BBC, 2 May 2010. Web. 01 Dec. 2015.

Henry Louis Gates Jr. Black in Latin America. NYU Press: New York. 2011. Print. Collyns, Dan, “Peru’s minorities battle racism.” BBC News. BBC.co.uk, 13 June 2010. Web. 20 Nov. 2015.

“¿Quiénes somos?” Cultura.gob.pe. Ministerio de Cultura, n.d. Web. 19 Nov 2015.

Bajak, Frank. “Peru’s First Black Minister Susana Baca: Barefoot Singer,” The World Post. Huffington Post, 16 Nov 2015. Web. 19 Nov 2015.

“Ministerio de Cultura organiza Conferencia ‘Desafíos en la formulación e implementación de Políticas Públicas para Afrodescendientes’” Cultura.gob.pe. Ministerio de Cultura, n.d. Web. 19 Nov 2015.

McKinely Jr., James C. “Music, Activism and the Peruvian Cabinet.” The New York Times. The
New York Times, 19 Aug. 2011. Web. 05 Dec. 2015.

Latin America and the Caribbean. “Afro-descendants in Peru.” Youtube. Youtube, 2 October 2013. Web. 19 November 2015.

Henry Louis Gates Jr. Black in Latin America. NYU Press: New York. 2011. Print.

“In Peru, black is an invisible color.” World Bank, The World Bank Group. 14 October 2013. Web. 19 November 2015.

Ingenio Comunicaciones, “Victoria Santa Cruz – Me gritaron negra (musical).” Youtube.
Youtube, 1 July 2008. Web. 4 December 2015.

Feldman, Heidi Carolyn. “Black Rhythms of Peru: Reviving African Musical Heritage in the Black Pacific,” Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press, 2006. Print.

Cuba

Childs, Matt D. 1812 Aponte Rebellion in Cuba and the Struggle against Atlantic Slavery,University of North Carolina Press, 2006

Rout, Leslie B. The African Experience in Spanish America. Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener,2003. Print.

Falola, Toyin, and Kevin D. Roberts. The Atlantic World, 1450-2000. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 2008. Print.

Paquette, Robert L., Sugar is Made With Blood: The Conspiracy of La Escalera and the Conflict between Empires over Slavery in Cuba, Wesleyan University Press, 1988, page 4.

Diaz, B., 1963, The Conquest of New Spain, London: Penguin Books

Lusk, Jon. “Graciela Perez-Gutierrez: Singer Who Helped Pave the Way for the Fusion of Latin and Jazz.” The Independent. Independent Digital News and Media, 22 Oct. 2011. Web. 22 Nov. 2015.

Pareles, Jon (December 14, 1992). “Review/Pop; The Queen of Latin Music Takes It From the Top”. Retrieved January 27, 2014.

“History of Cuban Music.” History of Cuban Music. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Nov. 2015.

Dodson, Jualynne E. (2008). Sacred spaces and Religious Traditions in Oriente Cuba. UNM Press.

“International Religious Freedom Report 2009: Cuba”. US State Department. October 2009.Retrieved 2010-07-16

Stankovic, Isidora. “The Culture of Curls: What Hair Really Means in Mixed Race Societies |The Yale Globalist | An Undergraduate Magazine of International Affairs.” The Yale Globalist. The Yale Globalist, 24 Dec. 2013. Web. 22 Nov. 2015.

“Cuban Artist Uses Hair Competition to Bolster Black Pride – News.” Jamaica Observer News. Jamaica Observer, 16 June 2015. Web. 22 Nov. 2015.

Barbados

Alleyne, George. “Celebrating African Awareness Month.” Barbados Today. 1 Feb. 2015. Web.1 Dec. 2015.

“Barbados Traditions and Culture.” Barbados Traditions and Culture. Web. 1 Dec. 2015.

Beckles, Hilary. A History Of Barbados: From Amerindian Settlement To Caribbean Single Market. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Web. 8 Dec. 2015.

Beckles, Hilary. Black Rebellion In Barbados: The Struggle Against Slavery, 1627-1838.

Bridgetown, Barbados : Carib Research & Publications, c1987. Web. 8 Dec. 2015.

Beckles, Hillary, and Heather D. Russell. Rihanna : Barbados World-Gurl In Global Popular

Culture. Kingston, Jamaica : University of the West Indies Press, 2015.

Best, Curwen. The Popular Music And Entertainment Culture Of Barbados: Pathways To Digital Culture.
Lanham: Scarecrow Press, 2012. Print.

Menard, Russell R. Sweet Negotiations: Sugar, Slavery, And Plantation Agriculture In Early Barbados.
Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2006. Web. 8 Dec. 2015.

Meredith, Sharon. Tuk Music Tradition In Barbados: Farnham, Surrey, England; Burlington, VT, USA: Ashgate, 2015.

Rosenberg, Leah. “It’s Enough To Make Any Woman Catch The Next Plane To Barbados.”Third Text 28.4/5 (2014): 361-376. Humanities International Index. Web. 24 Nov. 2015.

Brazil

“Black Rio: The Rise of Black Music and Dances and the Interpretation of Black American Soul Music in Brazil.”
Black Women of Brazil. 10 Apr. 2013. Web. 23 Nov. 2015.

Cleveland, Kimberly. Black Art in Brazil Expressions of Identity. Gainesville: U of Florida, 2013. Print.

Turner, Lorenzo D.. “Some Contacts of Brazilian Ex-slaves with Nigeria, West Africa”. The Journal of Negro History
27.1 (1942): 55–67. Web.

Cleveland, Kimberly. Black Art in Brazil Expressions of Identity. Gainesville: U of Florida,2013. Print.

Turner, Doris J.. “The “teatro Experimental Do Negro” and Its Black Beauty Contests”.
Afro-Hispanic Review 11.1/3 (1992): 76–81. Web

“Frente Negra Brasileira (1931-1938) | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed.”

Frente Negra Brasileira (1931-1938) | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed. Web. 23 Nov. 2015.

“Meet the Women Of Brazil’s Black Lives Matter Movement.” Refinery29. Web. 23 Nov.2015.

“Slavery Timeline 1501-1600.” – a Chronology of Slavery, Abolition, and Emancipation. Web. 30 Oct. 2015.

Graden, Dale T.. “An Act “even of Public Security”: Slave Resistance,Social Tensions, and the End of the International Slave Trade to Brazil, 1835-1856”. The Hispanic American Historical Review 76.2 (1996): 249–282. Web

“Brazil Profile-Timeline” BBC. web.(http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-19359111)

Puerto Rico

De La Torre, Miguel A. Santería: The Beliefs and Rituals of a Growing Religion in America.Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Pub., 2004. Web

Thomas, Piri. Introduction. Down These Mean Streets. New York: Knopf, 1967. Print.

“Latina Feminism: National and Transnational Perspectives” Latina Feminism: National and Transnational Perspectives. The Hampton Institutes, n.d. Web. 23 Nov. 2015.

“The Persecution of Difference”. “The Persecution of Difference”. Queer Ricans: Cultures and Sexualities in the Diaspora. NED – New edition. Vol. 23. University of Minnesota Press, 2009. 1–18. p. 5. Web.

“Bomba.” Caribbean Music and Dance. University of Michigan, n.d. Web. 05 Dec. 2015.

Figueroa, Luis A. Sugar, Slavery, & Freedom in Nineteenth-century Puerto Rico.
Chapel Hill:U of North Carolina, 2005. 13. Print.

“Abolition of Slavery in Puerto Rico.” – The World of 1898: The Spanish-American War (Hispanic Division, Library of Congress). The Library of Congress, n.d. Web. 06 Dec. 2015.

“Jones Act.” – The World of 1898: The Spanish-American War (Hispanic Division, Library of Congress). The Library of Congress, n.d. Web. 06 Dec. 2015.

Panama

de Friedemann, Nina S. La Saga Del Negro. Santa Fe de Bogotá: Presencia Africana En Colombia. Instituto de Genética Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, (1993). Web.

Ward, Christopher. “Historical Writing on Colonial Panama”. The Hispanic American Historical Review 69.4 (1989): pp. 691–713. Web.

Hussey, Roland Dennis. “Spanish Colonial Trails in Panama”. Revista de Historia de América 6 (1939): pp. 47–74. Web.

Pike, Ruth. “Black Rebels: The Cimarrons of Sixteenth-century Panama”. The Americas 64.2 (2007): pp. 243–266. Web.

Lipski, John M.. “The Negros Congos of Panama: Afro-hispanic Creole Language and Culture”. Journal of Black Studies 16.4 (1986): pp. 409–428. Web.

Reid Andrews, George. Chapter 1: “1800” and Chapter 2: “`An Exterminating Bolt of Lightning’: The Wars for Freedom.” Afro-Latin America. Oxford University Press, USA,(2004): pp. 11-84. Print.

Gudmundson, Lowell and Justin Wolfe, eds., “Introduction,” and “Eventually Alien: The Multigenerational Saga of British West Indians in Central America, 1870-1940,” Blacks and Blackness in Central America: Between Race and Place, Durham, NC: Duke University Press (2010): pp. 1-23, pp. 278-306. Print.

J. Davis, Darién, “Introduction: The African Experience in Latin America – Resistance and Accomodation,” Slavery and Beyond: The African Impact on Latin America and the Caribbean, Wilmington, DC: Scholarly Resources (1995): pp. xi-xxvi. Print.

Philipson, Robert. “The Harlem Renaissance as Postcolonial Phenomenon”. African American Review 40.1 (2006): pp. 145–160. Web.

Guridy, Frank Andre. Forging Diaspora: Afro-Cubans and African Americans in a World of Empire and Jim Crow. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press (2010). Print.

Brossard, Carlos A.. “The Conception of Race in Studying West Indians in Panama”. Afro-Hispanic Review 5.1/3 (1986): pp. 18–20. Web.

Rinny. “15 Incredible Photos of Afro Panamanian Traditional Dress.” Black Girl with Long Hair. 05 Aug 2015. Web.

Priestley, Amilcar. “Pollera of the Congo Community Excluded from the Parade of 1,000 Polleras, Panama.” Proyecto Afrolatin@ The Afrolatin@ Project. 16 Jan. 2013. Web.

Mexico

Guerrero, Acapulco. Mexico and the United Stated. Vol. 1. New York: Marshall Cavendish, 2003. Google Books. Web. p.845

Map of Mexico. N.d. N.p.

Juan Garrido: Black African Conquistador. 2012. Original People, n.p.

Gerhard, Peter. “A Black Conquistador in Mexico.” Slavery and Beyond: The African Impact on Latin America and the Caribbean (n.d.): 1-3. Print.

Cedula De Gracias. N.d. N.p.

“Catholicism as an Instrument of Counterhegemony: The Religiopolitical Ingenuity of Afro-Mexican People.” “” by Simms, Rupe. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Dec. 2015.

Okeowo, Alexis. Gaspar Yanga. 2009. Time Magazine, n.p.

Duvall, Chris S. “A Maroon Legacy? Sketching African Contributions to Live Fencing Practices in Early Spanish America.” Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 30.2 (n.d.): 232-47. Wiley Online Library. July 2009. Web. 09 Dec. 2015.

Barreda, María. Las Castas Mexicanas. N.d. N.p.

Bustamante, Adrian. “”The Matter Was Never Resolved”: The “Casta” System in Colonial New Mexico, 1693-1823.” (1991): 143-45. Web. 2006.

Galán, Cervantes. The Art of Dissent :: AFRO-MEXICANS OF COSTA CHICA. 2012. Pintrest, n.p.

Gutierrez, Maria. “African and Afro-descendant Women in Mexico City during the Colonial Period.” PBS. PBS, 2010. Web. 09 Dec. 2015.

Cunin, Elisabeth. “Blackness and Mestizaje : Afro-Caribbean Music in Chetumal, Mexico.” Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies 9.1 (2013): 1-22. Web.

The 4th International Reggae Poster Contest. 2015. Web. .

Kwekudee. Afro-Mexican Boy and Girl Performing Traditional Dance, Mexico. N.d. Web. 2014.

González, Anita, Jackson, George O., and José Manuel. “Afro-Mexcio: Dancing Between Myth and Reality.” Ebrary: Server Message. University of Texas Press, Dec. 2010. Web. 09 Dec. 2015.

Memín Pinguín Stamps Issued In Mexcio. 2009. African American Registry. Web.

Irwin, Robert Mckee. “12/ Memín Pinguín, Rumba, and Racism: Afro-Mexicans in Classic Comics and Film.” Hemispheric American Studies. N.p.: Rutgers UP, 2008. 149-50. Print.

Vargas, Andrew. Three Afro-Mexican Woman in Costa Chica Mexico. N.d. Web. Feb. 2015.

Thompson-Hernández, Walter. “Afro-Mexicans Are Pushing For Legal Recognition in Mexico’s National Constitution.” Remezcla. N.p., 09 Nov. 2015. Web. 09 Dec. 2015.

Dominican Republic

Roorda, Eric, Lauren Hutchinson Derby, and Raymundo González. The Dominican Republic

Reader : History, Culture, Politics. n.p.: Durham ; London : Duke University Press, 2014., 2014. Five Colleges Library Catalog. Web. 9 Dec. 2015.

Candelario, Ginetta E. B. Black Behind The Ears : Dominican Racial Identity From Museums

To Beauty Shops. n.p.: Durham : Duke University Press, 2007., 2007. Five Colleges Library Catalog. Web. 9 Dec. 2015.

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