Introduction -4-

Drisko (1999) distinguishes among 4 core approaches to qualitative research in social work by epistemological base employed coupled with research purposes, and intended audience for the research results.

This approach seeks to clarify distinctions and commonalties -- is a heuristic device relevant to evaluating qualitative research.

The 4 epistemological approaches are:

Realist 

Pragmatic (Utilization-focused) 

Critical (also called Normative),  

Constructivist or Interpretative.

Drisko (1999) also notes that, despite important epistemological differences and research purposes, most qualitative researchers (across discipline or profession) apply the same core set of research methods. Most data collection and many data analysis techniques are shared across differences of epistemology (excluding content analyses and “literary” reflection).

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